The rocks which rest upon the Canadian Shield in Cobalt are known as the Keewatin. We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. Compared to the "sexier elements" that are household names like carbon and oxygen, ruthenium is, frankly, a bit obscure.
The element is discovered. Because of its impressive properties cobalt is an important component in wear resistant and corrosive resistant alloys. Because of this cobalt is normally recovered from the waste of the primary metal extraction. However these mining hotspots are not the only places on the Earth where high concentrations of cobalt can be found. Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, in 1739. Iron is usually combined with carbon in order to produce an alloy known as ste… Cobalt-60, radioactive isotope of cobalt used in industry and medicine. Brandt was attempting to prove that the ability of certain minerals to color glass blue was due to an unknown element and not to bismuth, as was commonly believed at the time. Other alloys of cobalt are used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators, where high-temperature strength is important. pisgahchemist. It is also used as a catalyst. Some elements, such as gold , silver and iron , have been known since ancient times, so it is impossible to credit a single person for their discovery. Below is a list of all of the known elements, who they were discovered by and the year they were discovered. It is one of only 3 ferromagnetic transition elements along with iron and nickel. Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, in 1735. However, as far as colours go, cobalt has a few more strings to its bow than just this wonderful blue. Some of the most common uses for cobalt are: Blue paint for ceramics and glass, Magnets, and cutting tools. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. Hello - beauty, blue glass, B12 and the best magnets that money can buy. In 1904 cobalt deposits were found in Canada – this further affected Europe.
Sublimation
A horizontal row in the periodic table. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. Did you bother to look it up yourself? With Cobalt Brass, Kieran discovered his love for chamber music and specifically the brass quintet medium. This easy availability of iron across the planet makes it even harder to figure out who exactly discovered this element. The nodules are manganese minerals that take millions of years to form, and there are many tonnes of cobalt present in this form. Copyright of and ownership in the Images reside with Murray Robertson. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. As a metal it is very mechanically hard and tough, and it has a very high melting point (hence the smelting problems) and also remains magnetic to the highest temperature of all the magnetic elements. I have searched every where , so help me please? The solution was at hand and Cobalt found its salvation in the mineral for which the town was named – the mineral which, mixed with the silver ore had been only a nuisance, making the smelting and refining operations much more difficult. Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm3 at room temperature. The name is derived from the German word 'kobald', meaning goblin.
Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, in 1739. Block
In addition, the element is widely used in the development of copper, bronzes, aluminum and cobalt. Lv 7. Role in Life Processes You may browse, download or print out one copy of the material displayed on the Site for your personal, non-commercial, non-public use, but you must retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained on the materials. Cobalt-60, radioactive isotope of cobalt used in industry and medicine. Cobalt was discovered by Swedish chemist George Brandt in 1735. History (Kobald, from the German, goblin or evil spirit, cobalos, Greek, mine) Brandt discovered cobalt in about 1735. Brandt was attempting to prove that the ability of certain minerals to color glass blue was due to an element and not to bismuth, as was commonly believed at the time. Cobalt-60 is used because it is an emitter of gamma rays which will penetrate metal parts. And cobalt alloys and coatings are seen everywhere from drills to saws, from aircraft turbines to prosthetic bone replacements. Three cobalt domains have been defined using wire-frames for … The word cobalt comes from the German "Kobolds" which means goblin or trouble maker. Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic, silver-white, hard, lustrous, brittle element. In fact all the way up until the beginning of the 20. Wikimedia. The number of protons in an atom. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. Cobalt was discovered by Calvin Legette in 1735. The human body needs small amounts of cobalt for certain vitamins. Cobalt was the first metal to be discovered since prehistoric times and the first metal with a recorded discoverer. The fact that cobalt is magnetic has also been exploited with the Japanese invention of cobalt magnetic steel where adding cobalt to steel vastly increases the magnetic hardness. It takes longer to log onto YA than it does to Google cobalt and then go to Wikipedia. Radioactive cobalt-60 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 1930's. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. Did You Know?
Cobalt is used to build lithium-ion batteries found in mobile technology. Cobalt is a small mining town in Ontario which is well-known for its large deposits of silver, and has a very interesting geologic history. All such documents and related graphics are provided "as is" without any representation or endorsement made and warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, security and accuracy. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. In fact cobalt metal was not isolated and purified until as late as 1735 by the Swedish scientist G. Brandt. Who Discovered Nickel? The existence of technetium was first proposed long before it was discovered. George Brandt was analyzing a dark blue pigment found in a copper ore, when he stumbled across the an undiscovered mineral. With the exception of the mining region, cobalt is not very abundant, with only trace amounts in the Earths crust (about 2500 times less than iron). Cobalt can also colour glass green, while the hydrated form of cobalt chloride is a beautiful deep rose colour. Boiling point: 5,301 F (2,927 C) 8. In such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual Elements licence agreement, tailored to the specific use you propose. In 1735, a Swedish chemist named Georg Brandt became the first person to successfully isolate cobalt. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Brandt was born in Riddarhyttan, Skinnskatteberg parish, Västmanland to Jurgen Brandt, a mineowner and pharmacist, and Katarina Ysing.
A horizontal row in the periodic table. Cobalt grades are typically 0.1%. Melting point: 2,723 degrees Fahrenheit (1,495 degrees Celsius) 7. Density: 8.86 grams per cubic centimeter 5. However cobalt is not just a pretty face. All who discovered cobalt wholesalers & who discovered cobalt manufacturers come from members. First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. Remember YInMn Blue, which was accidentally discovered in 2009 by scientists at Oregon State University while researching electronics materials? Iron has been mined and used since 3000 BC, but who actually discovered it is something that is still unknown. For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below. Isotopes
1 decade ago. Cobalt, like iron, can be magnetised and so is used to make magnets. Most common minerals of cobalt are cobaltite (cobalt sulfoarsenide mineral), linnaeite (… For many years his claim to have uncovered a new metal was disputed by other chemists who said his new element was really a compound of iron and arsenic, but eventually it was recognised as an element in its own right. Cobalt's primary ores are cobaltite (CoAsS) and … The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. Cobalt is mostly present in combination with nickel. It is similar to iron and nickel in its physical properties. A huge reserve of several transition metals (including cobalt) can be found in strange nodules on the floors of the deepest oceans. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. He isolated the element and proved that it was the source of the color in blue glass which previously was thought to be from bismuth. Cobalt-60 has a half-life of 5.27 years and decays into nickel-60 through beta decay. Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, in 1739. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. Who Discovered Nickel? Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact, Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact, If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department. It was so called in this early mining region because it was very difficult to smelt without oxidising and smelting would release the associated arsenic vapours which would lead to pretty troublesome or even deadly processing conditions for the worker. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Cobalt is a chemical element. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Cobalt was – in the opinion of most observers a dying town. Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes, and ceramics. Just a few months earlier, a man had discovered cobalt ore, or heterogenite, in the middle of Kolwezi’s working-class Kasulo neighborhood. ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product.. Cobalt is used to build lithium-ion batteries found in mobile technology. A huge reserve of several transition metals (including cobalt) can be found in strange nodules on the floors of the deepest oceans. Electronegativity (Pauling scale)The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. Cobalt-60 is used in the inspection of materials The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. Answer Save. It is also used as a catalyst. 0. views. Allotropes Co ... Cobalt is a lustrous very hard silvery metal belonging to a group called the "transition metals". Isotopes: Cobalt-55, Cobalt-56, Cobalt-57, Cobalt-58, Cobalt-59 Discovery: this element was founded by the German miners of the ancient times. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandt&oldid=914915521, Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. He was the first person to discover a metal unknown in ancient times. When converted to ounces, the element was trading at 1.47 per ounce. It is used to make glass blue. Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. It is also present in meteorites. 1 Answer. It produces 60% of the world's cobalt - a fifth of which is extracted by hand or artisanal miners known locally as creusseurs. Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Images © Murray Robertson 1999-2011
Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. An integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). If you are in any doubt, please ask. In this area the huge multicoloured cobalt minerals deposits tower high, with the shores of dams and streams coloured deep rose with silvery blue veins running through.
The primary sources of iron are magnetite and hematite, and the abundance of these minerals means that iron covers almost 5.6% of Earth’s crust. Cobalt-60 (60Co) July 2002 Fact Sheet 320-078 Division of Environmental Health Office of Radiation Protection WHO DISCOVERED COBALT? Boiling point
It is produced by irradiating the stable isotope cobalt-59 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. It is a member of group VIII of the periodic table. The attacker’s post compromise activity leverages multiple techniques to evade detection and obscure their activity, but these efforts also offer some opportunities for detection. Brandt was attempting to prove that the ability of certain minerals to color glass blue was due to an unknown element and not to bismuth , as was commonly believed at the time. Who discovered technetium? A trace mineral is an element needed by plants and animals in minute amounts. Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. This page was last edited on 10 September 2019, at 03:26. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. These values were determined using several different methods. Low cobalt levels in the soil will cause grazing animals to do poorly. Text © The Royal Society of Chemistry 1999-2011
An excellent site for finding the properties of the elements, including cobalt is at Further information on Cobalt can be found at the Cobalt Institute Ltd and the page on Cobalt at Wikipedia. Data for this section been provided by the. Commercial use of the Images will be charged at a rate based on the particular use, prices on application. The human body needs small amounts of cobalt for certain vitamins. It is similar to iron and nickel in its physical properties. Bismuth fractures while Cobalt is more like a true metal. Cobalt was discovered by a Swedish chemist, George Brandt in 1730. In particular, cobalt's very high melting point and mechanical strength at high temperatures has seen its extensive use in what is termed 'superalloys'. So you can see that cobalt is never found alone but always palled up with other transition metals in their ores, mainly copper and nickel. The person's name, city and country where they found it, year, and profession of person who found it. He had been trying to demonstrate that the blue colour of glass was because of a new element, cobalt, rather than bismuth, an element often found in the same locations as cobalt. Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, in 1735. A lustrous, silvery-blue metal. In addition, the element is widely used in the development of copper, bronzes, aluminum and cobalt. I can only found who ISOLATED cobalt, but not who discovered it. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. In 1904 cobalt deposits were found in Canada – this further affected Europe. Discovered by: Georg Brandt Origin of the name: The name is derived from the German word 'kobald', meaning goblin. He determined that it was cobalt that gave the blue color of glass, ceramics and glazes. Cobalt salts have been used for centuries to produce brilliant blue colours in paint, porcelain, glass, pottery and enamels. Bismuth amalgamates with Mercury; the regulus of Cobalt does not at all. It’s Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. Sources Cobalt occurs in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron. It is the 32ndmost abundant element present on the earth crust. All together a highly useful metal. Cobalt was also used to colour glass in the Chinese Tang dynasty from 618 AD. Atomic symbol (on the Periodic Table of Elements): Co 3. Iron is an element that is found almost anywhere on the Earth, and is very cheap and easy to mine. We doesn't provide who discovered cobalt products or service, please contact them directly and verify their companies info carefully. In 1864 cobalt ore was discovered in New Caledonia and the European cobalt mining industry declined. Georg Brandt (26 June 1694 – 29 April 1768) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered cobalt (c.1735). This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture. The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. It is one of only 3 ferromagnetic transition elements along with iron and nickel. A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. A vertical column in the periodic table. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. Cobalt is widely present on the earth crust, in combination with other minerals and in natural water. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. When cobalt is combined with other metals its strength allow a range of super alloys to be created. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. He was professor of chemistry at Uppsala University, and died in … Bismuth dissolved in nitric acid and with aqua regia and gives a white precipitate when put in pure water. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Emphasising the importance, of course, of teamwork. It is an important source of gamma-rays. As you can probably guess from the name of the region in Zambia - the Copperbelt, cobalt is mined as a secondary product to copper that is dominant in the ore of this region. The array of beautiful colours that cobalt produces were never more prevalent to me than when I went to the cobalt mining region called the Copperbelt in Zambia. We welcome your feedback. The regulus of Shetz fuses with flint and fixed alkali giving a blue glass known as zaffera, sasre, or. WHAT IS COBALT-60 USED FOR? Allotropes
The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. It is produced by irradiating the stable isotope cobalt-59 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. It is also used in some medicines. Discovered by. Group
Important ore deposits are found in DR Congo, Canada, Australia, Zambia and Brazil. Cobalt-60 is the longest-lived isotope of cobalt, with a half-life of 5.27 years. More recently the creation of rare-earth magnets have given us much stronger, harder, permanent magnets than Alnico magnets. The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. It is the core of Vitamin B12. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. Cobalt compounds were used throughout ancient history by civilizations such as Ancient China and Rome to make blue glass and ceramics. It is a member of group VIII of the periodic table. Logan discovered cobalt in 1884 at the future site of the Agaunico Mine, one mile south of Haileybury. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. ASX-listed Argonaut Resources has announced preliminary details of potential copper and cobalt production at the Nyungu copper-cobalt deposit in North-western Zambia. In 1730, chemist Georg Brandt of Stockholm became interested in a dark blue ore from some local copper workings and he eventually proved that it contained a hitherto unrecognised metal and he gave it the name by which its ore was cursed by miners in Germany, where it was sometimes mistaken for a silver ore. Apr 6, 2018. Cobalt mineralisation tends to sit at the footwall of the Nyungu Central Deposit in a relatively predicable manner.
And you can hear how ruthenium rose to prominence with Jonathan Steed on next week's Chemistry in its Element. Atomic number
Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. More recently cobalt has a major use in newer batteries, magnetic particles for recording and storage information in magnetic tapes and hard drives. Cobalt was discovered by Calvin Legette in 1735. He published his results in 1739. He was the first person to discover a metal unknown in ancient times. The Kobolds were blamed and the name stuck. The lowermost rocks in Cobalt belong to the Canadian Shield, as described above. In compound form, it occurs in minerals of in copper and nickel. Georg Brandt (26 June 1694 – 29 April 1768)[1][2] was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered cobalt (c. 1735). Brandt was attempting to prove that the ability of certain minerals to color glass blue was due to an element and not to bismuth, as was commonly believed at the time. CAS number
Wide, high grade-zones, such as 23 m at 0.21% cobalt, have been intercepted. The images may not be posted on any website, shared in any disc library, image storage mechanism, network system or similar arrangement. Electron configuration
Cobalt is never alone, it is found associated with different metals in their ore and has its best mechanical properties when palled up with others. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. By bombarding cobalt 59 with neutrons, in a nuclear reactor, an additional neutron can be captured by the nucleus converting it into cobalt 60. Cobalt is transition metal and was discovered in pure form in 1735. Period
She was then tested to cobalt octoate, which was also strongly positive. Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. History and Discovery. Next week it's the turn of the stuff that amongst other things makes Parker pen nibs write so nicely, but if you haven't heard of it before, then you're probably in good company. After the discovery of large cobalt deposits in the Congo was made in 1914 the industry shifted yet … The chemical element cobalt is classed as a transition metal. Discovered by.
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. For instance, from January to April 2007, the market value of nickel is $52,300 per tonne. In large doses cobalt is carcinogenic. Georg Brandt (26 June 1694 – 29 April 1768) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered cobalt (c. 1735). After the discovery of large cobalt deposits in the Congo was made in 1914 the industry shifted yet … The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs. In fact even if your man in the street was wearing a lab coat and walking on a street very close to a university chemistry department he might still be a bit ignorant about this mysterious metal. It is present in the sun, in soil, and in bodies of plants and animals. Atomic weight (average mass of the atom): 58.933195 4. Discovered in 1962, the mine is currently owned by MCC RamuNiCo, Highlands Pacific, and the PNG Government and Landowners. It was discovered that it has harmful effects. Researchers have discovered the presence of Weyl nodes in bulk cobalt disulfide that allow them to make predictions about its surface properties. Cobalt is a lustrous very hard silvery metal belonging to a group called the "transition metals". Like iron, it can be magnetized. Cobalt has been used as a coloring agent since Bronze Age. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. Many theories have been speculated on, but none of them can be accurately validated. A vertical column in the periodic table. Its compounds are known as cobalt blue used to color pottery and glass. Brandt was born in Riddarhyttan, Skinnskatteberg parish, Västmanland to Jurgen Brandt, a mineowner and pharmacist, and Katarina Ysing. He was professor of chemistry at Uppsala University, and died in Stockholm. “People are still looking for the new cobalt blue, or the new lead white or titanium white, whatever it might be,” says St. Clair. It is alloyed with aluminium and nickel to make particularly powerful magnets. Gallium: Discovered in 1875 by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 32. Like iron, it can be magnetized. Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture, Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins of Pompeii, destroyed in 79 AD, and in China, dating from the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) and the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD). Each allotrope has different physical properties. It was later discovered that cobalt octoate (synonym: cobalt-2-ethylhexanoate), a compound not listed on the manufacturer's material safety data sheet, was included as an accelerator in the polyester resin. It was discovered in 1735 by George Brandt. Each allotrope has different physical properties. Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Mellor’s Inorganic Chemistry in 1935 quoted Ducange (1842) as saying that, in the Chronicles of Leoben in 1335, kobelt was applied to legendary gnomes living in the mines in the Schneeberg Mountains of present-day Germany. Atomic radius, non-bonded
A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope. Most cobalt is formed as a by-product of nickel refining. By bombarding cobalt 59 with neutrons, in a nuclear reactor, an additional neutron can be captured by the nucleus converting it into cobalt 60. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. For instance, from January to April 2007, the market value of nickel is $52,300 per tonne. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Brandt’s Dissertatio de Semi-Metallis was not published until 1739, so it was only in this year that most other scientists became aware of the discovery. Atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus): 27 2. As you can imagine this colour change due to the presence of water is highly useful, warranting cobalt chloride an ideal moisture indicator. There are several front runners for vastly varying reasons; however, always a top contender has to be cobalt because it excels in several important character traits: Cobalt has amazing beauty and strength, as well as great cooperation. He was able to show that cobalt was the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. Political stability of top reserve holder. Cobalt is the metal at the centre of vitamin B, Cobalt has been known and used by people for its beautiful colouring and pigment properties as far back as 2500BC. It is magnetic. He was the first person to discover a metal unknown in ancient times.[3][4]. The amount we need is very small, and the body contains only about 1 milligram. Relevance. The RSC makes no representations whatsoever about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published on this Site for any purpose. It was discovered that it has harmful effects. The element is … Cobalt was the first metallic element to be discovered by a person to whom the discovery could be credited. These are alloys that retain mechanical strength at high temperatures. Only after studying the transition metal chemistry did I realise that this beautiful blue colour comes from cobalt. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. Zinc: Identified as an element in 1746 by Andreas Marggraf, but known to prehistoric humans 31. As these things often go, Snyder discovered the tarantula almost by accident. This enables the equipment to have a long lifetime and not require regular maintenance. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. The RSC maintains this Site for your information, education, communication, and personal entertainment. Cobalt compounds were used as an artificial food coloring until 1971. Favorite Answer. Density (g cm−3)
The tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamen, who ruled from 1361-1352 BC, contained a small glass object coloured deep blue with cobalt. Instead, they used it to make jewelry and headdresses. Radioactive cobalt-60 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and John Livingood at the University of California - Berkeley in the late 1930's.
Cobalt. Cobalt salts can be given to certain animals in small doses to correct mineral deficiencies. Its chemical symbol is Co and its atomic number is 27. The role of the element in humans, animals and plants.